Improvement was moderated by IQ in the case of higher-order ToM, manner, and relevance implicatures. In the case of negative and cognitive symptoms, significant between-group differences were also supported. Patients participating in VR-ToMIS showed significant improvements in all types of ToM tasks (except for hyper-ToM task, based on the results of Cartoon test, Faux pas test and and Baron-Cohen Minds in the Eyes Test) compared to the control group with moderate to large effect sizes. Repeated two-way factorial analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effects of VR-ToMIS on symptoms, neuro- and social cognition, pragmatic skills, and quality of life when the effect of IQ was controlled. A controlled study with a three-month follow-up was conducted with 42 patients (suffering from schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder) randomly assigned to either an experimental (VR-ToMIS) or control group (passive-VR). Virtual Reality-based Theory of Mind Intervention (VR-ToMIS) is a recently developed structured method using the combination of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic techniques and the advantages of Virtual Reality (VR) technology. Yet, further investigation has suggested that using modern technology and multilevel assessment may help solve the problem. However, despite the encouraging results, its complexity makes it difficult to develop new interventions and even to understand the exact nature and scope of the deficit. These findings have made ToM impairment a promising treatment target. In recent years, a growing body of literature has supported the core nature and functional significance of Theory of Mind (ToM) deficit in schizophrenia. The shortened version showed good psychometric properties for controls and patients: test-retest reliability of 0.97 and 0.78, inter-rater reliability of 0.95 and 0.87 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 and 0.72. Interrater and test-retest reliability were analyzed for each story in order to select the set of 10 stories included in the final reduced version. The test was administered to control and clinical groups. The aim of this study was to develop a reduced version of the Faux-Pas test with adequate psychometric properties. These methodological problems make it difficult to draw conclusions about performance on this test by people with schizophrenia. However, it presents two main methodological problems: 1) the lack of a standard scoring system 2) the different versions are not comparable due to a lack of information on the stories used. One of the tools most commonly used to assess theory of mind is the Faux-Pas Test. Previous research on theory of mind suggests that people with schizophrenia have difficulties with complex mentalization tasks that involve the integration of cognition and affective mental states.
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